MENON Vinod Rhythm Networks in Child Adolescents Jan 19 2012

Dept of Psychiatry and Behav Sciences
Dept of Neurology and Neurolog Sciences
Program in Neurosci
Stanford

Typical and Atypical Brain Networks:
Implications for Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Thursday at Noon  to 1 PM; Jan 19; (today is cold, sl overcast)
in LKS room 130  in Psychiatry and Behav Science series:
audience: perhaps 70

william boyce symph 5 in D major... tried to play it but cud not ... listen at home..

some of Vinod's  research deals with music...

Dir of Cognit and System Neurosci Lab...

Neuron 2007  how does music engage the brain...
one of Vinod's papers...

audience would be in anticipation  of the next movement of the music...

sl 1:= slide 1:   Stfd Cognit and Systems Neurosci Lab   his lab

goals  1)  discover fundamental principles underlying cog development

2)  develop brain-based evidence and interventions to improve cog skills in kids with learning disabilites

3)  investigate atypical devlopment of cog, affective... etc...

sl1:  Objective 

1)  how does connectome develop as it matures

2)  what pathologies arise  etc.

Overview of presentation today

brain connectivity

development of global and regional func organization

core neurocog networks

a unifying theory of salience,  network switching attention and cognitive control:
the model  and how it develops  (and it goes awry)

sl: phineas gage... iron bar thru medial PFC...  frontal lobe syndrome

he was "no longer gage"

Gage began to have startling changes in personality and mood.  he became extravagant and anti-social, a foulmouth... etc...

Mesulam  1990  quote

Cognit is subserved by interconnected nerual networks that allow high-level comput architectures  and complex behavior...

sl  PREMISE

understanding brain.  depends on know. of organization and wiring

human brain contructs large scale brain networks  that comprise  discrete interconnected regions

Bressler and mennon 2010...

sl:    2 key principles of cortical func

*  function of cortical area is determined by  intrinsic 
properties,  cytoarchit,  and extrinsic connex

*  each area has a unique pattern... a fingerprint...

sl:  key Question...

how do these  networks subserve  working mem,  exec function,  attn,  cognit control...

sl  bressler and menon  2010 TICS

Maturation of neural nets

1)  how do large-scale networks develop

2) what mechs  underlie dynamic engagement and disengage...  responsible for  creation and dissolution of networks...

sl  networks vs connectivity

network 1....  regions that r tightly connected and work together

illustr  3 boxes  tightly wirred together  or functioning together...

sl  Mesulam  91 and 2000

FIVE major neurocognit networks

1)  spatial ATTENTION ( attn)  network anchored in posteriol parietal cortex and frontal eye fields  !!!  (key to my paper)

2) language areas in Wernickes and Brocas areas

3)  explicit memory...involving HC.  hippocampus

4 and 5  i missed

sl:Neurocogn Networks

sl:  brain connectivity -scales

sporns  2007  brain connectivity  

microscopic  single neuron and synap connex

mesoscopic  connex btn  microcolumns

macroscop  anatom  segregated brain regions  and inter-regional  pathways...

sl  Struc  connectivity  white matter tractrs
sl  DTI  diffusion tensor imaging  DTI
gray matter  isotropy
white matter anisotropy

sl   sructural connectivity  DTI

sl  brain connec..  tractography

sl  beautiful slide with colors showing  var  large scale white matter tracts...

sl  Brain connectivity measure...  FUNCTIONAL...

statistical dependence or co-variation

(in addition to anatom connectiv... phys connex btwn regions)

eg  for partic area in parietal cortex  what areas co-vary with it

effective connectivity... causal effects of one brain area on another..

****
sl  1995  Biswal et al  1995

brain is active even at rest... resting state connectivity

task activation.. finger tapping  (what  area lit up during task)
then collect mri  data  during rest  (when not doing anything)

eg look at L motor cortex... they were active during finger tapping.. BUT
in resting state  (while resting)...  sill correlated with  in  L motor cortex...  

very active during rest... during a task... only 3-5% more activity...
most activity is occuring at rest ... intrinsic  activity...so
intrinsic activity is biasing activity in key ways...

in task like this... eg finger tapping  get  a lot coupling btwn the 2 hemispheres... big correlation
***

sl  brain is active even at rest...

patterns of resting state connec r consistent across subjects
but patterns of resting state connectiv  differ across clinical groups..
useful biomarker..

most of the signal is carreid by the underlying intrinsic state...

sl  Sridharan  et al 2007...

(introduc by shoshun... introduce vinod)

sl  effective  conenctivity a musical illustration

he plays a musical movement
get big insular  activation  in btwn  2 musical passages...
he shows brain activ  as music clip is played...

eg  shift from  ventral attn stream to the dorsal attn stream...

AUTISM...  eg is  FFA  abnormal in facr processing in autism.
kids r not attending to faces  but is it due to  FFA
BUT if u ask kids to focus on a face  they can do it briefly and during that
period the FFA activation is normal ...  FFA is normal  if u force kids to  focus on face.
(problem is what they attend to... attn network... not in face processing)

sl  tight link btwn struc and function..

Honey et al  2007

struc connectivity is sl diff from fucntiona and sl diff from effective  funct  connectivity...

***

a clinical example...

daniel smith,  NYT  jan 14  2012...
It's still the Age of Anxiety:  or is it..

*  inhabitants of earlier era might have been wracked by nerves , but none fixated on it

*  freud thot anxiety was key...

****
Anxiety disorder.
18% of adult populatio  has this...

do high level sof anxiety-depression alter  brain circuity in young kids?

Q  is gthere a difft pattern in brain connec in young kids who r anxious...

*childhood anxiety and depresiso have been linked to adult mental illness.

* freud was concernd abt this..

lot of focus on amygdala..

anxious kids  may turn into  anxius depressed adults...

sl  amygdala...

exper  took 60 kids  age 7 to 9

task free resting sttae func MRI

look at br  intrinsic fxn connec.

groupsl  high anxiety  n =18
medium anxity  n = 20
low anxiety  the rest.

sl  sl kids = 60

compare activ  ina nxious vs not anxious brain

lat PFC,  insula, med pfc,  basla gangl, poster  br regions
all lit up in anxious kids...

amygdala centered intrinsic func network...

there is greater func connectivity in kids with high level of anxiety-depression... need to do longitud studies...

sl  high levels of anx-depre impact amygdala struc in kids

greater grey mater volume and density in kids iwth high anxious-depressed scores...

our findings have impt implication -  early  lfie anx-depre hinders  healthy emotion devol in kids, adolsc,and adults..

****

Overview  (same as intl sldie)
*  brain connectiv
*  develop of gloabal and regional func organ
* core neurocogn networks and theri devlopment
*  salience, attn ,exec func,  etc...

****

Human connectomeproject...

NIH funded...

sl  sporns 2011
connectomics...
use  dti  or func conenct measures to get a connectivity matrix...

uses  histol and imaging datat  ;  anatomic parcellation;  etc.

sl  devel of brain connectiv... emerging principesl

system level pruing of connex  occurs iwth development

*  more hierarchical organix with devleoment

*
 better long-range  integration and segrationof functional circuits with development

*
sturc func  relations mature with development...

initial and exuberance of connec  which   get pruned as kids devlops

formation of segregated and integrated circuits...

in kids  br is muchless hierarchically organized than in adults...

**
end...

Q   direc of causality...  involving amgdala... is it the cause or the effect???
unknown...  but baslater and centromed  nuclei in amgdala... abnl coupling
is there something inside amgdalalinvolving coupling of those  nuclei that may occur
v early in develop and lead to pathology...

how abt some cognit emotive event that biases the circuits... he suggests..
eg PTSD  can look at it... to see if cognit events  influence amgdalal.

Q  plz comment abt neurocog testing. in kids  (eg ptsd in kids and adults... war trauma;  use these methods to study these)
has that traumatic event rewired the b rain  with devasting result.

Q  david...  carla schatz...  special opportun...  to do longit studies...
what happens to these connect networks over a year or two...
and how r they affected by meds..

carla  schatz  (echoing hebb) areas that fire together wire together

Q  have u looked at endocrine system  in reln to these networks?
A  we have not looked...  big changes in endocr system in adolescescents..
we have not studied that...